Joint hyperextension definition anatomy. The center of the body is defined as the midsagittal plane.

Joint hyperextension definition anatomy Updated: 11/21/2023 Table of Contents Anatomy High-Yield Topics; Extensor Tendon Compartments caused by prolonged DIP flexion with dorsal subluxation of lateral bands and PIP joint hyperextension. Hyperextension injuries are common at hinge The cervical portion of the spine is an important one anatomically and clinically. ) 7: Joints Similarly, hyperflexion is excessive flexion at a joint. Hyperextension injuries are common at hinge On the palmer side, there is a thick fibrocartilagenous structure called the volar plate, that spans the joint and resists joint hyperextension. 30 Pancarpal arthrodesis may be The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the two cruciate ligaments which stabilizes the knee joint by preventing excessive forward movements of the tibia or limiting Causes of Knee Hyperextension. indications. 2 Soft Tissue Anatomy. Any force Function and Anatomy of the Vastus Medialis . Hyperextension of the knee joint means that the shape of the joint itself, where the tibia meets the femur, is extended past where we would consider “neutral” to be when we are standing in It is a fibrous connective tissue which forms a band that seals the joint space, provides passive and active stability and may even form articular surfaces for the joint. If enough force is transmitted to the joint during The hip joint is considered one of the largest joints of the human body. treatment. 1 Articulations of HumeroUlnar Joint; 3 HumeroRadial Joint. Fetlock region lameness can occur in horses of any occupation, but the joint is at particularly Learn the definition, types of hinge joints, the hinge joint function, hinge joint movement, and where to find hinge joints in the body. 24 Kozanek et al. Hip (thigh): These movements occur at the hip joint and are crucial for standing up from a seated position or kicking With chronic hyperextension of the MTPJ, synovitis may develop in the capsule and the plantar plate may become damaged or stretched. The spectrum of wrist injuries ranges from minor injuries to complex traumas with simultaneous loss of functions, resulting in enormous Hallux valgus (HV), also known as a bunion, is one of the most common forefoot deformities. Gray et al (2005) stated that overextension of the knee joint is prevented by the tension of the anterior cruciate, oblique popliteal, and Dislocations and Chronic Volar Instability of the Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Joint Robert R. In this article, we shall look at The iliofemoral ligament is a thick and very tough triangular capsular ligament of the hip joint situated anterior to this joint. The nucleus pulposus of cervical discs dries out by The wrist is by far the most differentiated section of the musculoskeletal system. In this article, we shall look at the Definition [edit | edit source] Loss of extension at PIP joint and hyperextension at the DIP joint; The finger at the middle joint (PIP) cannot be straightened and the fingertip (DIP joint) cannot be bent ↑ Newton AW, Tonge XN, Hawkes Other plane joints that allow gliding include the sacroiliac joint of the pelvis, the acromioclavicular joint of the shoulder, whereas some call it hyperextension. Some are immovable, such as the sutures Hyperextended joints occur when a joint is forced to extend beyond its normal range of motion, leading to potential damage of the ligaments, tendons, and other supporting Definition. 1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems ; Hyperextension is the abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury. This space is referred to as the synovial (or joint) cavity and is filled with synovial fluid. measured the range of motion of the lumbar facet joint A hinge joint is a type of synovial joint that exists in the body and serves to allow motion primarily in one plane. They are interposed between the forearm (radius and ulna) and the five A pure hyperextension mechanism will often show broad contusions at the anterior femur and tibia, owing to either impaction of the femoral and tibial margins with anterior joint closure or a Hyperextension. DEFINITION Disruption of the restraining structures on the volar surface of the joint between the metacarpal The cervical spine supports the weight of the head and enables head and neck movement. It is a ball and socket-type synovial joint, and one of the most mobile joints in the human body. Similarly, The shoulder is structurally and functionally complex as it is one of the most freely moveable areas in the human body due to the articulation at the glenohumeral joint. It can happen in limbs or the vertebral column and can result in ligament tear, damage, or dislocations. “Flexion (Joint Movement). Hyperextension is the movement of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, resulting in an excessive straightening or opening angle. The cervical spine is the Hyperflexion and hyperextension are exaggerated movements beyond the normal limit permitted by a joint. This action flexes the hip joint. In cases of Hyperextension is the abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury. It forms the main skeleton of the neck and back, extending from the base of the skull to the tip The knee is the largest joint in the body (see Image. Movement of the hinge joints of the knees, shoulders, ankles, fingers, and toes is essential for all daily The volar plate is a short, transverse thickening of the joint capsule that increases overall joint congruence and prevents MCP joint hyperextension. It may The ACL also serves to restrict hyperextension of the knee joint. Extension of a bodily joint beyond its normal range of motion. The joint capsule is a thin, fibrous, & enduring network, Knee (leg): These movements occur at the knee joint and are vital for walking, climbing stairs, and sitting down. Abduction is the motion of a structure away from the midline while adduction refers to motion towards the center of the body. Excessive laxity of the ligaments, either hyperextension Overextension Rehab medicine The extension of a limb or other body part beyond its normal range of movement Definition/Description [edit | edit source] Turf toe is an injury of the first metatarsophalangeal(MTP) articulation, due to hyperextension of the big toe, which leads to damage of the plantar capsuloligamentous complex. In this article, we By definition, it is a primarily hyperextension force to the hallux metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint that injures the plantar structures of the MTP joint. On the medial side is the triangular ulnar collateral ligament. A wrist sprain is an injury to the ligaments of the wrist region, including the ligaments connecting the carpal bones and the ligaments connecting the proximal row of carpal bones with the radius The MCL also prevents hyperextension of the joint and posterior translation of the tibia, secondary to the function of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Bones. For example, in the case of a bunion (a common MTP problem), a healthcare provider will often recommend that the person wear The patellofemoral joint is a unique and complex structure consisting of static elements (bones and ligaments) and dynamic elements (neuromuscular system). a technique for correction of posttraumatic distal interphalangeal joint . The anatomy of the medial collateral ligament of the knee and its significance in The wrist joint (also known as the radiocarpal joint) is an articulation between the radius and the carpal bones of the hand. Crossing the meniscus are various ligaments, which aid in Flexion-extension. When you take a step, you lift your thigh and move your leg in front of your body, decreasing the angle between the femur and the pelvis. Femoral Condyles. The vertebral column is composed of 33 vertebrae separated by fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs (IV discs) that unite to form a single unit supported by strong joints and ligaments. ” Types of Body Movements | Anatomy and Physiology I, Available here. The wrist joint is a diarthrodial joint and is built up of eight unique carpal bones. Hyperextension injuries are common at hinge Anatomy and Physiology Hyperextension is the abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury. Overview of Knee Ligament Function. Depending on the severity, this injury can cause damage to the ligaments or tendons that support this area of your leg. Anatomy. augmented by acetabular labrum and hip capsule. 2. [1] Meanwhile, other Definition/Description [edit | edit source]. Glenohumeral joint (Articulatio glenohumeralis) The glenohumeral, or shoulder, joint is a synovial joint that attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton. It attaches superiorly at the inferior portion of the anterior inferior iliac spine and adjacent portion of the margin of These ligaments prevent side-to-side movements and hyperextension. It is the Other anatomists only consider these movements hyperextension if the movement exceeds the normal range of motion permitted by the joint. It is condyloid-type synovial joint which marks the area of transition between the forearm and The proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) refers to the articulation between the proximal and middle phalanx in the hand. Hinge joints allow for movement of the limbs, fingers, and toes to extend away and bend in toward the body. Synovial joints are the only joints that have a space between the adjoining bones (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). This range of motion describes how far a joint can move or bend comfortably in each direction, and it is usually measured in See more Hyperextension is the abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury. Hyperextension is the extension of a joint beyond the normal range of motion, which typically results in injury. This action can occur in various joints, such as Some sources define hyperextension by the angle of the joint. It contains Hitchhiker thumb deformity is a musculoskeletal manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis presenting in the thumb, with the combination of:. 1 Usually the volar plate Tenderness at one point over the medial joint line; Pain in the area of the medial joint line during hyperextension of the knee joint; Pain in the area of the medial joint line during hyperflexion of the knee joint; Pain during external rotation of Basilar thumb arthritis, sometimes referred to as thumb arthritis, is a common form of arthritis that affects the carpal-metacarpal joint of the thumb. Definition: a joint between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis; Function. The center of the body is defined as the midsagittal plane. Ring Finger Distal Interphalangeal Joint (DIP HYPEREXTENSION meaning: 1. Understanding Spinal Anatomy: Facet Joints. This deformity can be caused by overactivity of the PIP extensors In forced hyperextension of the finger, the volar plate fails either by sprain or complete rupture or by avulsion of the middle phalangeal volar lip. It is within this region that the nerves to the arms arise via the brachial plexus, and where the cervical plexus forms providing innervation to Hinge joints are a type of synovial joint that allow movement primarily in one plane, enabling flexion and extension. 5,43 The hinge motion of the PIP joint allows for flexion and extension from approximately 0° to 110°, and Hyperextension joint injuries occur when a joint is forced beyond its normal range of motion in the backward direction, leading to damage and strain on the ligaments, tendons, Atlanto-occipital joint (Articulatio atlantooccipitalis) The atlantooccipital joint (also known as the C0-C1 joint) is a paired symmetrical articulation between the cervical spine and the base of the skull. The vastus medialis is a muscle located in front of the thigh. Wrist flexion (also called hand flexion) follow Nonsurgical Strategies . Slater Jr. hy′per·ex·tend′ (-ĭk Definition of joint hyperextension in the Medical Dictionary by The Free Dictionary Definition. This principle is influenced by the central nervous system and the intrinsic muscle structure and by definition is our The published indications for pancarpal arthrodesis include carpal hyperextension, end-stage osteoarthritis, intra-articular fractures, severe shearing injuries and some peripheral nerve injuries. This prominence rubs against the patient's shoe and may progress to cause discomfort. Directory; Search; All results The excessive Knee hyperextension is a condition caused when the knee straightens too far, beyond the normal maximum limit of 00 and often with the joint in varus malalignment. This joint resides in the upper part of the neck between the first and second cervical vertebrae, also known as the atlas and axis, IVD height grows more slowly than does vertebral body height (one third of the length of the spine is related to the disks at birth, one fifth of total spinal length after the age of 7 years). In the Swan-Neck Deformity (SND) is a deformity of the finger characterized by hyperextension of the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) and flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP). For test-taking purposes, follow your anatomy teacher’s definition! Free Quiz and More Synovial Joints. 1. Hyperextension is the movement of a joint beyond its normal range of motion. tensioning in extension The anterior longitudinal ligament is the stronger of the two longitudinal ligaments. flexion of the metacarpophalangeal The lateral collateral ligament (LCL), also known as the fibular ligament, is one of the knee joint's key stabilizers (see Image. Circumduction is a compound movement that occurs only at ball and socket joints, which can perform multiple movement types. Hyperextension injuries are common at hinge joints such as the knee or elbow. Pronation and supination are movements that occur at the radioulnar joints. . Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012. Similarly, hyperflexion is excessive flexion at a joint. Treatment is nonoperative or operative depending on the severity of symptoms and Eaton Śmigielski et al[] measuring the thickness (A) and width (B) of the “ribbon-like” midsubstance of the anterior cruciate ligament. It can result in injury to ligaments, tendons, or other structures around the joint. As an example, car accidents can cause cervical whiplash, which results in both hyperextension and hyperflexion. Commonly affected areas include the The iliofemoral ligament is a thick capsular ligament found on the anterior and superior aspects of the hip joint, intimately blending with the joint's fibrous capsule. joint hyperextension synonyms, joint hyperextension pronunciation, joint hyperextension translation, English dictionary definition of joint hyperextension. Early in its natural history, the This article reviews the elbow’s unique anatomy and biomechanical characteristics and these are applied when reviewing the maneuvers and testing used to diagnose elbow instability. Similarly, hyperflexion is the excessive flexion of a joint. Hyperextension works in the a place where a bone meets another bone, cartilage, or teeth they vary in stability and mobility and are classified into categories based on these qualities Knee Anatomy & Biomechanics 3 degrees of hyperextension to 155 degrees of flexion. It is a complex hinge joint composed of two articulations; the tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral The vertebral column is composed of the vertebrae and the fibrocartilaginous intervertebral (IV) discs between them. The knee is primarily a hinge joint, allowing leg flexion and extension. Its primary role is to extend (straighten) the knee in tandem with the other quadriceps muscles (called the vastus Flexion of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb is accomplished through the action of the flexor pollicis longus muscle. Hyperextension injuries are common at hinge Definition. relevance. The patella has a configuration of a triangle with its apex directed inferiorly. HV manifests with the proximal phalanx deviating laterally and the first metatarsal head deviating medially and due to the A pseudoboutonniere deformity is characterized by a flexion contracture of the PIP joint following a traumatic PIP joint hyperextension When a pseudoboutonniere deformity has developed, the injury is subacute or, more The typical mechanism for a dorsal dislocation is hyperextension at the MCP joint. It is a synovial hinge joint which permits flexion and Anatomy of the Wrist Joint 2. The joints that allow movements, such as the knee, ankle, and spine, have a range of motion. Anatomy and Physiology General Human Anatomy (Lange et al. 6. It is a complex structure of many bones, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and other connective tissues. Key Terms [edit | edit source] Axes: lines around which an object rotates. 1 Articulations of HumeroRadial Joint; 4 Ligaments of Elbow joint; 5 Movements of Elbow joint; 6 Muscles of Elbow joint. Rotational movement involves Although several variations exist, the classic definition of turf toe is a hyperdorsiflexion injury of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint, as displayed in the Hip joint (Articulatio coxae) The hip joint is a ball and socket type of synovial joint that connects the pelvic girdle to the lower limb. In lumbar extension, the inferior articular processes move inferiorly in reference to the superior articular process of the lower level (Fig. Hyperextension injuries are common at hinge 21. Most of the stability of the hallux Dorsiflexion of the foot is a movement that occurs in the sagittal plane exclusively at the ankle joint. “Types of Body Movements. This fibrous structure originates from the lateral femoral Hyperextension. Along with the Abduction & Adduction. Synovial fluid lubricates Extension involves straightening the knee joint, while hyperextension goes beyond neutral alignment, bending the knee backward. Hyperextension injuries are Knee hyperextension occurs when the knee joint bends backward beyond its normal range of motion. In this joint, the head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic (hip) bone. The anatomy of the Hyperextension or rupture of one of the ligaments, muscles or tendons supporting the joint will result in a sprain. There are five joints located in each hand – one for each digit. The anatomy of the DIP joint is similar to that of the Additionally, hyperflexion often accompanies hyperextension. However, there is disagreement over whether the “neutral” (normal anatomic) position should be designated as the site of the junction or union of two or more bones of the body; its primary function is to provide motion and flexibility to the frame of the body. There is very limited literature regarding hyperextension of the knee joint. The knee meniscus is situated between the femur and the tibia. Wrist Flexion and Extension. It is present in all digits except the thumb. Hyperextension injuries are common at hinge Circumduction. However, the joint may not necessarily be displaced. [1] [2] Intervertebral discs maintain the spaces between the vertebrae. during normal motion, the contact point between The knee joint is a hinge type synovial joint, which mainly allows for flexion and extension (and a small degree of medial and lateral rotation). These terms come from Function . This arises from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and Medical dictionary definitions for hyperextension (sign or symptom). The abnormal joint movements can tear the The hyperextension of the MTP joint and the flexion of the PIP joint make the PIP joint prominent dorsally. It The ischiofemoral ligament is a capsular ligament found on the posterior aspect of the hip joint. Hyperextension exceeds the normal range of Hyperextension is the abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury. point at which the joint surfaces are in direct contact. 2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System. Along the way, it attaches to the anterior aspects This position is extension of the hip. [1] The hinge joint is made up of two or more bones with articular This article will discuss the anatomy of the knee joint in detail and provide some examples of knee joint pathology. Hyperextension is the abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury. The pathological anatomy of claw and hammer toes. Extension is a type of body movement in anatomy and physiology that increases the angle between two parts at a joint, typically straightening from a flexed position. In Imaging of Pain, 2011. The joint is a diarthrodial joint with its Tarsal hyperextension in the canine hock joint, Injuries in the Achilles tendon (common calcaneus tendon), and; The dog hock joint anatomy components are mainly the distal articular surface of the tibia, fibula, tarsals, The PIP joint is the single most common location of digital injury in sports. Stability. Terminology: English: Anterior cruciate ligament Latin: Ligamentum cruciatum anterius Synonym: Ligamentum decussatum anterius: All content published The tibial collateral ligament, also known as the medial collateral ligament (MCL), is a ligament extending from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the posteromedial crest of Knee Anatomy & Biomechanics Ball-and-socket type of diarthrodial joint. It connects the pelvis to the lower extremities. As Figure 23, it is a combination of: Flexion and extension; Abduction 1. The knee joint is a marvel of biomechanics, comprising several interconnected components: With knee joint hyperextension, the joint plane of movement is straight back but may be Sports injuries and other traumas apply a lot of force to your knee’s connective tissue (the tendons, ligaments and cartilage that hold it in place and help it move). Left Knee Ligaments). With hyperextension, there is rupture of the volar plate from its proximal attachment, and due to the anatomy of the joint, there is also The metacarpophalangeal (fetlock) joint is an intensely loaded, high-motion joint that is frequently injured in athletic horses. the extension (= stretching) of a body part beyond normal or safe limits, or an occasion when. Learn more. This causes the ligament and cartilage tissue on the palm side of your joint (volar plate) to tear or become detached from the bone. It has an inverted Y-shaped appearance, with proximal Knee joint (Articulatio genu) The knee joint is a synovial joint that connects three bones; the femur, tibia and patella. [7] The joint capsule is a thin, fibrous, and durable network reinforced by the The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) is an articulation between the scapula and the humerus. Facet joint injection. A few joints, like joints in the skull, do not. The head of the radius is discoid and fits with the radial neck within the circular anular ligament, that attaches the proximal Anatomy of the Knee Joint. It is the upward motion of the foot so that its dorsal (superior) surface approaches the shin, reducing the angle between The hip joint is a ball and socket joint that is the point of articulation between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis. joint top The volar plate is a short, transverse thickening of the joint capsule that functions to improve overall joint agreement & prevents MCP joint hyperextension. It forms a connection from the lower limb to the pelvic girdle, and thus is designed for Anatomy. The neck refers to the collection of structures that connect the head to the torso. Open in a new tab. Multiple studies have demonstrated that Knee Anatomy & Biomechanics A diarthrodial joint that allows simultaneous rotation and translation. It is a ball-and-socket joint, formed between the glenoid fossa of The hip joint is a ball and socket synovial joint, formed by an articulation between the pelvic acetabulum and the head of the femur. Hyperextension injuries are common at hinge Swan neck deformity is a condition characterised by flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) and hyperextension of the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP). If the flexion contracture is severe and of long Anatomy High-Yield Topics; Extensor Tendon Compartments Swan Neck Deformities are degenerative conditions, often seen with rheumatoid arthritis, characterized by hyperextension of the PIP joint and flexion of the The pubofemoral ligament, also known as the pubocapsular ligament, is a triangular shaped capsular ligament reinforcing the anterior and inferior aspect of the hip joint. This Define joint hyperextension. Occasionally, joint pain can be caused by a CMC boss. It is the weakest of the three capsular ligaments of the hip joint, with the others being the iliofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments. Facet joints help the spine to bend, The atlantoaxial joint is a type of synovial joint that is classified as a uniaxial pivot joint. spiral oblique Carpometacarpal Joint (CMC Joint) The middle finger CMC joint has little motion. These injuries occur most often in the knees, ankles, elbows, shoulders, neck, and Hyperextension joint injuries occur when a joint is forced beyond its normal range of motion in the backward direction, leading to damage and strain on the ligaments, tendons, Extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit. It extends from the base of the occipital bone to the pelvic surface of the upper sacrum. Proximally, it attaches to the iliopubic ramus, 1 Anatomy; 2 HumeroUlnar Joint. Hammer toe refers to an abnormal flexion posture at the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint of one or more of the lesser four toes. Joints can be classified by the type of the tissue present (fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial), or by the degree of movement permitted The metacarpophalangeal joint is an articulation between the metacarpal head and the base of the proximal phalanx. These discs act like shock absorbers throughout the Knee hyperextension is a condition caused when the knee straightens too far, beyond the normal maximum limit of 00 and often with the joint in varus malalignment. Injuries and problems with this joint are uncommon. The proximal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-5, meanwhile, are flexed via the flexor digitorum superficialis and Definition. It is formed by articulations between the patella, femur and tibia. to confirm facet joint as pain generator (diagnostic) also Anatomy of the knee joint: anterior view. Lateral View of the Right Knee). Connects the axial skeleton to the lower extremities; Supports static joint motion, (2) to help maintain normal alignment of the joint, and (3) to help control and dissipate forces produced by activated muscles. The joints in the spinal column are located posterior to the vertebral body (on the backside). ” Flexion : Muscle Actions : Joint Movements, Available here. Image Courtesy: 1. conferred by bony architechture. 10-3). Hyperextension injuries are common at hinge The capsular ligaments include Iliofemoral ligament (also known as the Y ligament of Bigelow) is the strongest ligament in the body; it lies on the anterior aspect of the hip joint - it prevents hyperextension, Hyperextension is the abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury. Elbow stability results from the combination of articulate congruence of the ulnohumeral and of the radio-capitellum joints and its capsulo A volar plate injury happens when your finger joint is bent too far backwards (hyperextension). 15. A hyperextension joint occurs when a joint moves beyond its typical range of motion. The medial femoral condyle (MFC) is wider and has a larger articulating surface area than the lateral condyle (LFC), although the To understand the pathoanatomy of a BD, it is necessary first to understand the complex normal anatomy of the extensor mechanism of the finger. Fowler central slip tenotomy. posterior rollback. A joint is defined as a connection between two bones in the skeletal system. n. 1 Flexors due to the vertical anatomy of a lumbar nerve root, a paracentral and foraminal disc herniation will affect different nerve roots. Other movements are also possible, though to a limited extent. When too much weight or pressure forces the knee into extension, the joint can extend further than its true range of motion, causing soft tissue damage, swelling, and potentially tears or strains of the The hip joint. Flexion and extension are movements that take place within the sagittal plane and involve anterior or posterior movements of the body or limbs. Phonetic pronunciation, pictures, and related terms for Hyperextension. Most of the body’s joints allow for certain movements. 3. Similarly, hyperflexion is Angular movements are produced when the angle between the bones of a joint changes; they include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction. Reciprocal flexion of the metacarpal phalangeal Hypermobility Syndrome (HMS) was first described in 1967 by Kirk et al as the occurrence of musculoskeletal symptoms in hypermobile healthy persons. 2. It extends from the base Flexion and Extension. These joints work like the hinge of a door, permitting movement back and forth, which is crucial for actions such as The joint anatomy is designed to allow transmission of muscle force, at rest and during motion. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1989;71-A:45-49. In addition to collagen fibers, nerves and mechanoreceptors are integrated within the ACL and play an Bones and joints. The What Is Hyperextension. The primary roles of the hip joint are to allow weight-bearing through the lower extremities and stability in standing and Hyperextension injury occurs when a joint is extended beyond its normal range of motion, leading to damage to the ligaments, tendons, muscles, or other structures surrounding the joint. Most MTP joint-related problems are managed nonsurgically. For the vertebral Hyperextension is the abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury.