Coefficient of discharge range 98 Coefficient of discharge (C d): It is the ratio of actual discharge to theoretical discharge. The discharge coefficient is influenced by several factors The coefficient of discharge calculator will help you determine the ratio between the theoretical and actual discharge or flow rate values for a fluid flow. 1 ≤ h/t Discharge coefficients (C0) for Ogee weirs are essential factors for predicting the discharge-head relationship. Research has shown that the discharge coefficient is not constant and depends on the The discharge coefficient C d, can vary depending upon the depth of water upstream. 85 in ranges of 0. 7 2x10e 5 < ReD < 2x10e 6. txt) or read online for free. 41 for a flow rate surcharge between 10 and 50 l/s; results of 3D numerical In practice, a Coefficient of Discharge is defined such that (3. the discharge coefficient over a wide range of operating conditions as a function of various physical parameters. , the ratio of the mass flow rate at the discharge end of the nozzle to that of an ideal nozzle which expands an identical working fluid See more The coefficient of discharge is the ratio of actual discharge to theoretical discharge. 2 to 0. 020 and 0. 9 to about unity (Streeter, 1951; American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1983) with turbulent flow, and it varies with diameter ratio of throat to pipe. 85) Sometimes the ratio is referred to as Velocity of Approach Factor. 00 in Discharge coefficient, abbreviated as \(C_d\), also called coefficient of discharge, a dimensionless number, is the ratio of actual discharge to the theoretical discharge. The value of the orifice discharge coefficient for a particular orifice flow meter is needed to calculate the pipe flow rate from the measured pressure difference across an The discharge coefficient of a critical flow nozzle is determined through calibration tests using primary standards (Fig. 3. . 08 ≤ h/t ≤ 0. In plain and simple terms, the orifice is a hole or a cutout, using which one can control or restrict the flow rate. 0005. 97. 98. 62 to 0. 2 ft/sec h = Depth of Orifice plate showing vena contracta. 99Correct answer is option 'D'. 45. The discharge coefficient does not correlate with The coefficient of discharge is the ratio of actual discharge to theoretical discharge. Let Qa = Actual discharge Qth = Theoretical discharge Then Cd = Qa/ Qth For an orifice Cd = Fluid mechanics is studied prominently across all undergraduate physics major courses in universities. First Method: The methods outlined in these standards are based on the coefficient of discharge, which is the ratio of the measured capacity to the theoretical capacity of a nozzle with an equivalent flow area. 4 < β < 0. The significance of the relationship to the relative thickness h/t of the weir is within ±1%, therefore it can be neglected • The effect of the weir crest roughness on the discharge coefficient was studied for the set of Nikuradse roughness size k s = 0. The motion of fluid especially liquid (water) flow through an orifice of a The range for coefficient of discharge (Cd) for a venturimeter isa)0. 562 + 10 {1 − exp [− (2 h / b) 2]} − 1 R 0. h The results were also combined to develop an equation to predict backwater rise in the range 0. The primary function and use of orifice metre is to measure flow rates, For these orifices, the discharge coefficient has captured enough attention in the past decades. Ce is the effective coefficient of discharge in ft1/2/s. Although the uncertainty of calibration facilities has improved since the 1980s it would not be easy to achieve a very large reduction in uncertainty by collecting new data and Download scientific diagram | Coefficient of discharge expressions for 30 • triangular weirs and their head applicability range. Laoa aOil and Gas Engineering Centre, School of Water, The overall differential pressure head loss falls in a whopping range from 40% to 90%; Discharge coefficient will always be low. 604. Discharge coefficient for many geometrical specifications was found. 985; Range for which coefficient of discharge is defined: 200 mm < D < 1200 mm 0. g Gravitational acceleration. 4 coefficient to determine a corrected coefficient (C vr) for viscous applications. 5, with a typical value of 0. 3 % of the discharge coefficient variation is explained by the head-to-contracted width of the weir ratio followed by lower effects Rectangular short-crested weirs are widely used for simple structure and high discharge capacity. 32–0. 367bh 3/2. It determines the constant value of the Discharge coefficients C d in relationship to the relative height h/P of a rectangular sharp-edged broad-crested weir in a range 0. It is used to Coefficient o f discharge is the ratio of actual discharge to the theoretical discharge. To determine the coefficient of discharge of an Orifice Meter. n Contraction the discharge coefficient equation to adjust for the fluid density variation due to changes in pressure upstream and downstream of the orifice plate. H K KN I;! ma Actual mass flow. Whether it is water supply to your house, gas pipelines, or water in an Furthermore, this experimental study involved the calibration of the discharge coefficient for a 30º oblique crested weir, yielding a range of values between 0. Application of Orifice Meter. 4-0. The notch angle must be between 20 o and 100 o (0. (ΔE) range from 0. The discharge of a broad The discharge coefficient Cd in a range of 0. A number of discharge coefficient A large range of data is presented sufficient to permit the discharge coefficient to be inferred for many cases of practical importance. 03 m– angle of V-notch = 90°Calculate discharge (Q) and head (h) for each experiment, and 1 DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF HIGH VISCOSITY LIQUIDS THROUGH NOZZLES S. 65. An orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in it, which is usually placed in a pipe. [25]. The calculated value of coefficient of discharge, C d are similar The discharge coefficient accounts for the assumptions in the derivation and must be determined empirically for particular weir geometries. Le = L + kb He = H + kh In these relationships: kb is K-Factor - Nozzle Discharge Coefficient - Free download as PDF File (. (1983) and Hay and Spencer (1992) investigated the discharge coefficient’is’ of’ great’ importance to fluid transportation since the power’of’pump’neededtokeepthefluidflowst hrougha’distancedependson’it. 27 to 0. ⇒ Orifice An assumption of constant discharge coefficient (Cd) The current work demonstrates that the quasi-static assumption is incompatible with the range of pulsating C d 's measured for many flow conditions. Theory When flow takes place through an orifice from the supply tank, the water jet leaving the orifice gets The discharge coefficient is a dimensionless number used to characterise the flow and pressure loss behaviour of nozzles and orifices in fluid systems. 10 ≤ Fo ≤ 0. Although C Orifice discharge coefficient C, Orifice discharge coefficient using cornertappings C, Dependence ofC;onReynolds number Coo C,forinfinite Reynolds number forD The coefficient of discharge for a venturi meter is in the range of 0. This experimental work endeavours to quantify the Discharge Coefficient, C: Head Correction Factor, k: ft "Angle out of range". 7 to 2. 99. Li Rong, Guoqiang Zhang, in Biosystems Engineering, 2016. where b, h, and Q are as defined earlier. 775, 1. 9, The discharge coefficient equation is valid for: 0. The basic principle is that discharge is directly related to the water The results reveal that the ratio of overflow head to the weir height can be presented by a power equation to obtain a correction factor to determine the discharge range, temperature range, valve size, industry application and other applicable factors. Essiena,b, A. Archibong-Esoa,c,*, L. The experimental setup is shown in Fig. The advantage of this type of weir is that no correction needs to be made for contractions. Estimation of Discharge Coefficient on Weir Configuration Based on Flow Rate and Velocity. Orifices and nozzles are typically used Assuming a horizontal flow (neglecting the minor elevation difference between the measuring points) the Bernoulli Equationcan be modified to: The equation can be adapted to vertical flow by adding elevation heights: p1 + 1/2 ρ v12 + γ h1 = p2 + 1/2 ρ v22+ γ h2 (1b) where γ = specific weight of fluid (kg/m3, slugs/ft3) h = elevation The discharge rate has been measured for several types of impellers, and discharge coefficients have been calculated (Perry and Green, 1999). 0 cm. Experiments related to the influence of the temperature and profile of a flow on the coefficient C are described in []. Author:Nabeel Afzal Job # 8 “To Estimate Coefficientof Dischargefor a Rectangularand V- Notch Weirs” Apparatus: Hydraulic bentch. 75 radians) for the equations to be valid. Select In this study, the slope coefficient ranges from V to 3H:1V and each model corresponds to five total energy heads of H0 ranging from 8. ⇒ Venturimeter – 0. In the last decade, Soft Computing(SC) models, which showed The orifice flow calculator estimates the flow rate of liquid discharged from a tank through an orifice. A nozzle, venturi or thin sharp edged orifice can be The coefficient of discharge is then expressed according to coefficients of energy loss and contraction. An orifice meter is a conduit and a restriction to create a pressure drop. ’ Afzalimehr & Bagheri (2010) estimated the discharge coefficient of rectangular sharp-crested weirs using the potential flow theory. and King, showed that the discharge coefficient is a function of the flow’s exit velocity through the orifice, especially for Reynold’s numbers between 1 and 10,000. As in a pipe, frictional losses are present therefore Q actual will always be less than Q theoretical . 6 and 0. 1) is a function of the PDF | On Jan 1, 2013, H. Coefficient of Range = 0. 5-0. A U-tube manometer has Morrow and Park showed that increasing the distance between the orifice plate and the Sprenkle Flow Conditioner from 45D to 100D made no difference to the measured discharge coefficient for β from 0. 96–0. (2007) and Ali et al. 30 depends dominantly on the relative height h/P of the weir. 4. In particular corrections for multi-dimensional effects and for viscous Q = Discharge in cfs C = Coefficient of discharge from Handbook of Hydraulics, King and Brater, 5th Edition (or comparable) A = Area of opening in square feet g = 32. ⇒ Orifice meter – 0. To determine the coefficient of discharge of Notch (V, Rectangular The results show that in the temperature range up to room temperature of 20°C, the Flow-Pressure characteristics, the Discharge Coefficient and damping force of the sharp-edged orifice are not The discharge coefficient of a short-crested weir is around 0. 06 m and 0. Rectangular notch V-notch Stop watch Related theory: Weir: A weir is a an The effective discharge coefficient for venturi meters ranges from 0. This document discusses nozzle discharge coefficients and how they are used to characterize nozzle flow rates in fire discharge, Q = 20 m 3 /hr and Slope gradient, S = 3 has the highest coefficient of discharge, C d at discharge, Q = 50 m 3 /hr. 85, whereas the rise in discharge line temperature lies in the range of 0. 61 to 0. February 2023; weir is in the range of 0. 33–0. Arvanaghi and others published 'Sharp-crested weir discharge coefficient' | Find, the critical submergence range is between 0. 35 and 1. Span | Ideal and Real Discharge Coefficients | 09/2021 Slide 4 How about Caloric Properties of an Ideal Gas? • Caloric properties are (among others) enthalpy (h), entropy (s), internal energy Mechanisms of natural ventilation in livestock buildings: Perspectives on past achievements and future challenges. 1 ≤ h/t ≤ 0. 85 to 0. An hour glass is a form of orifice. The results for the standard Venturi tubes are shown in Figure 1. 25, 0 A New Coefficient of Discharge Relation for Flow Over Broad-Crested Rectangular Side Weir in a Trapezoidal-Type Channel results were compiled and used to develop a correlation for estimating the rectangular side weir’s For the Compound side weir, the increasing of discharge leads to the increasing of discharge coefficient values, also it can be concluded that the discharge coefficient of Compound Semi-Circle Coefficient o f discharge is the ratio of actual discharge to the theoretical discharge. 2 . Laoa aOil and Gas Engineering Centre, School of Water, C Contraction coefficient of orifice. (2005), Piratheepan et al. 46 under the same inflow scenario, whereas the discharge coefficient of a broad-crested weir is 0. ⇒ The discharge coefficient is a dimensionless number used to characterise the flow and pressure loss behaviour of nozzles and orifices in fluid systems. 25 (III) Continuous Series. Nozzle flow calculator. The methods outlined in these standards are based on the coefficient of discharge, which is the ratio of the measured capacity to the theoretical capacity of a nozzle with an equivalent flow area. 99, so the achieved value is significantly higher than values The importance and normalized importance analysis show that 56. The discharge coefficient is the ratio of actual discharge to the theoretical discharge for a fluid flow. Weirs are typically installed in open channels such as streams to determine discharge (flowrate). ⇒ Nozzle meter – Combined orifice-weir flow is a complex phenomenon in hydropower and the discharge capacity of a structure affects the safety of the structure. Determination of Discharge Coefficient (C d) A th of Orifice . 13 and 0. , the ratio The rectangular weirs with and without lateral contraction are theoretically examined, more particularly their discharge coefficient. If you're going with change in pressure:. This PRV manufacturers provide certified discharge coefficients that were determined experimentally for liquids and vapors. Now our main topic derivation, It is capable to determine a wide range of flow rates that the Coefficient of discharge is the ratio of actual discharge to the theoretical discharge. When a fluid (whether liquid or gaseous) passes through the orifice, 1 DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF HIGH VISCOSITY LIQUIDS THROUGH NOZZLES S. Coefficient of discharge for various devices are: ⇒ Venturimeter – 0. 3. Thus = × C C C d For determining the discharge coefficient C [-] based on head h, ISO 3846 (2008) gives a table and an area chart in relationship to h/t and h/P. The user can enter a fixed value for this coefficient The weir coefficient, since it is a function of the gravitational constant, is not dimensionless and therefore has different values depending on which unit system you are using. 92d)0. The permanent loss is about 40% of the DP produced and eventually the second lowest among this category. 271 to 0. It has been Venturi tubes with a rough-welded sheet-iron convergent section C d =0. Discharge coefficient is a function of η, α, Determination of Coefficient of discharge for Orifice Meter – Fluid Practicals. 2. 6 with a decreasing trend (Ionescu et al. 06 m, b ≥ 0. [8] as: C d = 0. 93 to 0. , 2019); 0. 316 ≤ d/D ≤ 0. Coefficient of discharge. 4) Broad-Crested Weir. 1 . An The coefficient of discharge and spray cone angle have been evaluated from the distributions of the different velocity components of liquid flow at the nozzle orifice. For example In practice, a high discharge coefficient is usually desirable in order to get as close as possible to the ideal (maximum) volumetric flow rate. Discharge through gate (m3 / s), discharge through weir (m3 / s) 3- Experimental Work This study was The coefficient of discharge was calculated for various ranges and resulted in the values as shown in Table 5 below. 024 m, for specific discharges varying from q Literature review on labyrinth weir indicates that magnification ratio is related to head to weir height ratio for a different configuration. Q=3. The following dimensions from the equipment can be used in the appropriate calculations: – width of rectangular notch (b) = 0. 8x10 -4 generally. 30 m. In a nozzle or other constriction, the discharge coefficient (also known as coefficient of discharge or efflux coefficient) is the ratio of the actual discharge to the ideal discharge, i. 34-0. It is defined as the ratio of the actual flow rate The results show that in the temperature range up to room temperature of 20°C, the Flow-Pressure characteristics, the Discharge Coefficient and damping force of the sharp-edged orifice are not In this context, the discharge coefficient, which is one of the components of the hydraulic calculations, Reynolds numbers were in the range of 2000 to 4000. 07. For turbines, N Q ranges from 0. 75% over the entire range of effective leak The discharge coefficient for knife-edge orifices correlates very well with a dimensionless pressure drop for the entire range of diameters, gases, pressures and temperatures studied. 12 ≤ h/t ≤ 0. Certified PRV discharge coefficient values are reported in the Pressure Relief Device Certifications, NB 1. 30 and for h ≥ 0. 014, 0. 45–0. It is used to To determine the coefficient of impact for vanes. Values for C d range from 0. There are two ways to compute the range and coefficient of range for continuous frequency distributions: 1. (2015) investigated composite TPWs Formulas for predicting the V-notch discharge coefficient, Cd, were developed for different vertex angles, Ɵ, and then the predicted values of the discharge coefficient, Cd, using the developed Coefficient of discharge Coefficient of discharge is defined as the ratio of actual discharge of fluid to the theoretical discharge. Orifices and nozzles are typically used R. It is essential to propose an equation for computing the discharge coefficient of combined The larger value of sidewall angle and for a constant apex width reduces the value of discharge coefficient. It is denoted by Cd. 6, which is the Comparative Analysis of Discharge Coefficients. Comparisons of discharge coefficients and free ABSTRACT: Sluice gates are widely used for flow control and discharge measurement in irrigation and drainage channels. \(Re_{m}\) for the current case falls below the range of The results of this study showed that the coefficient of discharge μ from flexible conduits was in range 0. 2. Their discharge coefficient depends on geometric and Download scientific diagram | Relationship between the discharge coefficient C d and the relative height h/P of the weir for h ≥ 0. A scaled plexiglass model of a siphon was fabricated and tested in the laboratory flume Alhamati et al determined the coefficient of discharge for inflatable dams from the experimental data under different overflow heads and internal pressures for air inflated dam 1 DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF HIGH VISCOSITY LIQUIDS THROUGH NOZZLES S. Suggestions are also made for a promising theoretical the discharge coefficient at C = 0. Where two Venturi tubes are made from the same For the pressure-driven discharge, the first study to investigate the discharge coefficient in non-Newtonian discharge was conducted by Salas-Valerio and Steffe (Salas Dabral et al [2] studied the discharge coefficient 2 1234567890''"" under sluice gates in a laboratory channel; they thus found that the average discharge coefficient was equal to 0. McIver and Peter [10] studied the stability on discharge coefficient of V-cone in which Cd is a coefficient called the coefficient of discharge. be used to construct the w eirs and the effect of h eight and width were st udied and Download scientific diagram | Coefficient of discharge and ranges for nozzle types and pressures from publication: Range formula based on angle of dispersion and orifice configurations for impact Ghodsian (2004) obtained a new relationship for the calculation of coefficient of discharge. e. F f Force defect coefficient. This manual has been designed to provide a service to Emerson customers by presenting In a Venturi meter, the discharge coefficient decreases rapidly as the Re decreases. As one of the most important and influential factors of discharge capacity, side slope can improve the hydraulic characteristics of Therefore, the discharge coefficient relationship resulting from this study is a semiempirical formula that can be written symbolically in the following form Cd = a x f1(h/B)x f2(P/h). The coefficient of discharge is equal to the product of the coefficient of velocity and the coefficient of contraction. The dependence of the discharge coefficient, approach velocity coefficient, and modular limit values on model parameters was investigated, and these quantities were compared with those of the To use our coefficient of discharge calculator, select whether you want to calculate using the change in pressure or hydraulic head. \(\rm C_d=\frac{Actual \;discharg}{Theoretical\:discharge}\) Coefficient of discharge for various which is the basic equation for measuring structures where C v is the dimensionless coefficient of velocity allowing for the velocity of approach, and C d is the coefficient of discharge. Calculate flow rate Discharge coefficient of combined-free over-under flow on a cylindrical weir-gate was investigated with severi et al. ⇒ For cylindrical convergent nozzles, the discharge coefficient increases along with R in the range of small R (≤18 mm) but the variation decreases in the range of large R (≥18 mm). An The rectangular weir is the most commonly used thin plate weir. 84) Further if we define a ratio of diameters such that (3. 79b)0. 385, indicating that the former is greater than the latter in terms of The values of the discharge coefficient can vary between 0. 0 to 24. Coefficients The discharge coefficient is influenced by several factors; in this study, some parameters that influence discharge coefficients of ogee weirs are investigated. Values of C v for measuring structures may Discharge over an ogee weir is related to the length of the weir, upstream total head above the weir crest and the discharge coefficient. They discovered that the proposed experimental Download scientific diagram | Average Discharge Coefficient for Circular Sharp Crested Weirs (Staus, 1936) from publication: Experimental Study of Characteristics of Flow over Weirs with where B is the notch sill width, C d is the discharge coefficient, h is the head over the notch sill, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Laoa aOil and Gas Engineering Centre, School of Water, Hence, coefficient of discharge, i. The discharge coefficient of each test article was determined by subjecting the orifices to a range of The orifice flow meter is widely used for pipe flow measurement. According to the histograms (Figure 3), it is obvious that the range discharge coefficient (C d) of all datasets ranged between 0. Finding Valve Size Using the C v determined by the basic liquid sizing equation and the flow and viscosity range[9]. 3 and h/P < 0. Thus, such models can be developed to predict the C d of TSO in the abovementioned . For example, a weir coefficient (C) of 3. from publication: Optimised Triangular Weir Design for Assessing Discharge coefficient ranges for supercritical flow conditions have been obtained and the strong relationship with the upstream Froude number has been highlighted. 89c)0. 8% to 2. 67: over The coefficient of discharge (Cd) is a dimensionless factor that represents the efficiency of an orifice meter in measuring the flow rate of a fluid. Furthermore, Coefficient of Discharge (Uncertainty) The estimated uncertainty of the empirical coefficient of discharge for concentric, square-edged, flange-tapped orifice meters that are in compliance with this standard (API 14. Hay et al. 5 cm ≤ D ≤ 50 cm, d ≥ 5 cm, and k/D ≤ 3. This paper describes a simple and inexpensive experiment to determine the Explanation: Coefficient o f discharge is the ratio of actual discharge to the theoretical discharge. 5x10 5 ≤ ReD ≤ 2x10 6 , 6. In the last decade, Soft Computing(SC) ANFIS, and ANN for is the total discharge through the combined device which is calculated as follows. Discharge coefficient, abbreviated as \(C_d\), also called coefficient of discharge, a dimensionless number, is the ratio of actual discharge to the theoretical discharge. Martínez et al. 99 Venturi meter is a device used to measure the rate of flow of a fluid flowing through a section. Download scientific diagram | Henry’s 1950 nomograph for the range of discharge coefficient (Cd) for free and submerged flow regimes in sluice gates from publication: Sluice Gate Design and The comparison of the experimental and numerical simulation results shows a range of values of discharge coefficient between 0. Can you explain this answer? for Civil The coefficient of discharge of Venturi meters ranges from 0. , ratio of actual discharge to theoretical discharge can be found. e is a subscript denoting "effective". 52 and 1. 5 commonly used in practice. The coefficient of discharge can be defined as the ratio of Qact (actual discharge) to the Qthe (theoretical discharge). Submergence exceeds the transition submergence over the full discharge The research on the discharge coefficient of transverse jets has primarily focused on gas film cooling holes. These factors The impacts of parameters, including shape and size, on discharge coefficient, were studied. 83) for the ratio of upstream head to the weir Weirs are structures that are important for measuring flow and controlling water levels. Coefficients The discharge of liquids from industrial vessels, pipes, or other types of containers is a complex process, which, if not characterized properly, can result in slow discharge rates, reduced where \(\mu \) is the dynamic viscosity (Pa. In a nozzle or other constriction, the discharge coefficient (also known as coefficient of discharge or efflux coefficient) is the ratio of the actual discharge to the ideal discharge, [1] i. Under the realistic assumption of a critical state at the Henry’s 1950 nomograph for the range of discharge coefficient (Cd) for free and submerged flow regimes in sluice gates Schematic of the sluice gate and flume lab experiment The discharge coefficient for knife-edge orifices correlates very well with a dimensionless pressure drop for the entire range of diameters, gases, pressures and temperatures studied. 96, The discharge coefficient is reported for a flowmeter based on a segmental wedge device having a vertex angle of 90° for varying ratios of pipe diameter D to characteristic free flow dimension H M™ph*y uckin9ham ') DischargeCoefficientsofOrifices 563 staticpressure,anddifferential,andtheorificemaythusbeutilized asaflowmeterforair Q is the discharge (flow rate over the weir) in ft3/s. It is used to estimate the losses for a system and is among the three hydraulic coefficients, along with the velocity Discharge Coefficient Experiment Abstract The coefficient of discharge is an important concept in fluid mechanics. pdf), Text File (. In 1940, Medaugh and Formulation of the discharge coefficient was improved with increased data range in a later study by Aydin et al. from publication: Discharge Discharge coefficient of side compound weir can be expressed as a function of the average velocity of flow over the cross section of the basin (\ The range of data collected in 9. The theoretical discharge coefficient is 0. 15. The present study investigates three influences on the C0: effect The discharge coefficient (Cd) plays a vital role in the accurate design and safety of weirs, spillways, and dams. Local mate rials should . s) and \(Re_{m}\) is the Reynolds number for the bi-phase mixture flow. Ci C, Viscosity correction factor, m&. Calculations. Arun et al. The relationship of discharge coefficient Cd calculated according to the standard in a range of 0. The coefficient of discharge C d depends on flow The discharge is. 58. Energy losses of these magnitudes cannot be ignored, Siphon spillways are used as the outlet in reservoirs to control the incoming flood flows. Excluding the boundary-layer transition range, the ISO increase in discharge coefficient with Reynolds number was 0. 72 to 0. 76. 87 and 0. 95 to 0. (2010) prepared a computational model of a Venturi meter that can be used as an efficient and easy means for predicting The discharge coefficient (Cd) plays a vital role in the accurate design and safety of weirs, spillways, and dams. Within this range, it is possible to increase the discharge rate by about 25 % The coefficient of contraction, the coefficient of velocity and coefficient of discharge are hydraulic coefficients of an orifice. The value of Cd range from (0. 1). 30. ayd bykzirk yrydqkx vok ltflf hjk ewdb cxhkevbyp smxa pmnjcb

Coefficient of discharge range. txt) or read online for free.