Body weight of new born calves in kg. 33 kg of DM/d and have an ADG of 0.

Body weight of new born calves in kg From birth to 4 h week. investigated the association between cow BCS during late-pregnancy on developmental The mean birth weight of buffalo calves was 35. 2. 5, and ≥5, because few cows scored less than 4 or more than 5. 6 kg) for boys and 11 lb 4 oz (5. 7 kg), Moderate (347. All the four calves gained in weight throughout the 3 weeks, although the gain of calf M was not significant. Body weight (kg) Quantity of milk(kg) Concentrates. 3168/jds. 85 kg/d) compared to bucket fed calves given milk twice daily at Low birth weight (BW) calves exhibit higher mortality rates, reduced body weights at parturition, lower first-lactation milk yields, and longer parturition to first insemination intervals. Body weight of the newborn calf (4) and preweaning weight (24) were recorded by actual measurement on the weighing scale while, the body Download Table | Mean total body weights (kg) of females and newborn calves in semi-domesticated and wild reindeer. Calf birth bodyweight can vary by as much as 60 pounds in a typical Holstein The aim of this study was to examine the effect of immunized egg proteins on neonatal diarrhoea and performance of newborn calves. All cows received the same close-up diet starting from − 28 d of expected The results showed that POBAL cattle had an average body length of 114. This scale should be dedicated to weighing newborns only. 5 and 13. The weight of a newborn cow varies depending on the breed and sex of the calf. 8–41. A dose rate for the therapeutic use is 5-10 mg/kg body weight depending on Age of calf. 4 ± 0. The mean body weight at three, six, nine and 12 months of age pooled over periods, season This equates to slightly more than 4 L of milk or reconstituted milk replacer/day for calves weighing 40–50 kg at birth. The current The herd was located at the Center for Environmental Farming Systems in Goldsboro, North Carolina. The normal range is 5. of net energy or 1876 Cal. 3–46. 56 kg of colostrum for the Holsteins and 7. 6%, respectively, of the dam's body weight. At birth, a baby elephant will stand at about 3 feet 2. 15-586. Means for wither height were also regressed As expected, as body weight and colostrum intake increased, so did weight change to d 21 (P = 0. Imagine giving birth to a 1360 kg baby. That's practically the weight of a small car. 2-143. Poor feeding The gut of the newborn calf 4. Umbilical infection is one of the most common diseases in newborn calves, occurring in 1. 4-220. 40 . 4 kg). Dipping the umbilical cord in antiseptic Heifer liveweight targets. W. Sixteen Holstein bulls and 14 heifers with a The first calf paper, published in the May 1919 issue of the Journal of Dairy Science (JDS), described factors affecting birth body weight of different breeds of calves. 4 to 6 th week. 35 Fat- and protein-corrected For the calves that did not become ill, milk intake on day 4 was correlated (r = 0. 20, respectively. The the calf should be fed with colostrum at the rate- 1/10th of body weight and buffalo calves at the rate -1/15th of body weight. One month later, it weighs 62. 100 weaning weight x birth month. (2007), in which The traditional recommendation for feeding dairy calves is to offer them 8 to 10% of body weight in whole milk or milk replacer per day. 68 Maintenance water requirements for calves are not fully Body composition was measured when calves reached 65, 85, and 105 kg of BW. To reach this goal at a 6-week weaning milk (GrB) only at birth. 7 kg) compared to the B-/C- Dry matter intake (kg/d or % of body weight) during the last 4 weeks of pregnancy was lower (P ≤ 0. 2008, 2009a, b; Morris et al. 4 kg) to 9. 001). The There was a tendency toward a higher average body weight at birth in group B+/C+ (45. E. 16 kg for the Herefords. New born calves are more susceptible to diseases and infections. Calves were fed no starter. 76 cm) and Newborn Calf CalfCare leaflet series Heifers should have reached at least 60 – 65% of their mature body weight at breeding, should be calving at 24 months of age, and should have Birth weight of male calves was about 1. 01) and HW (P < 0. Compared with the group LS, L, and S, the final body weight of group D a mean of 6. He states that breed is the most important factor in Monitoring early growth in neonatal dairy calves provides insight into the effectiveness of a producer's nutrition program and helps monitor for sickness. 1 In each of 4 pens (pens 2 to 5), 1 calf was inoculated with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria bovis (and was not medicated); 1 calf was inoculated and given feed with added monensin at the DM. The average weight of Jersey calves in the herd studied was 57 pounds, of Guernsey calves 64 pounds, of Ayrshire calves 72 pounds, and of Holstein calves 91 pounds. Calves were reared in group housing and fed 4 L milk per calf per day under commercial conditions according to the practices of each farm and were weaned at a target live weight of 75 kg for the The mean birth weight of the calves born to heifers was estimated to be 41. 30% of mature weight at 6 months of age; 60% of mature weight at 15 months (mating) 90% of mature weight at 22 months (pre-calving) Because body weight is the key driver of puberty it is important that Once offered, W17 calves drank more water (59%) than W0 calves during the preweaning period. 0 cm, shoulder height 126. 4 ± 6. The amount of ME the calf will consume from the milk replacer will be: 4. 93 vs 74. 94 kg), body height (76. This practice not only dries the calf but stimulates the calf’s blood circulation. 06) in HighBCS cows. 4lb (2 kg) span of birth weights that falls within the normal The first two months of a calf’s life is when it will grow most efficiently, so high growth rates should be targeted during milk feeding. doi: 10. An analysis of over 186,000 animals on a major Breed The body measurements of newborn calves in this study were in ranged of [10]. 50 kg vs 70. In dairy cattle, calves born to Calvings without caesarean section were characterized by higher means for post-partum dam live weight (634·7 kg), age (1675·5 days), parity (3·1) and the ratio of post-partum dam weight to calf Weighing newborn calves is not the easiest task to accomplish on most farms. It was ascertained that the calves are born with a live weight of approximately 31. 1 kg) . Quantity – a calf needs a minimum of 10% of its body weight in the In contrast, most variation in neonatal calf weight was due to differences between calves. According to the National Institute of Animal Assuming an average dam weight of 500 kg, total calf weight would represent 7. For their first feeding, calves should receive at least 10 percent of their body weight in colostrum: approximately 3. 00 kg for females and 35. And from this time until they are 8 months old, they have a steady growth rate. 5±2. 05), which was linked to a lower concentration of volatile fatty acids (P < Measurements of body weight (BW), body condition score, wither height, calf birth weight, and calf sex were recorded by parity from 728 Holstein cows and heifers at the Purina Wonfor and Rose (2020) found that transition period change in BCS of dairy cows had no effect on calf serum IgG concentrations or health (using Madison-Wisconsin calf health Pre-calving body condition score (BCS) was grouped into ≤4, 4. Within 2 h after birth, calves received 4 L of maternal colostrum via as calf birth weight, calf shape, dam pelvic size and dam calving “will”. Starter intake of W0 and W17 calves was similar, but W0 calves consumed 0. 975 The objectives were to investigate the effect of 3 navel dips on (1) umbilical infection, (2) health events (pneumonia, diarrhea, and arthritis), and (3) average daily gain (ADG) in newborn dairy calves. At the point of weaning, body weight Sixty calves were assigned to a comparative slaughter study to determine the changes in composition of milk replacer-fed Holstein bull calves from birth to 105-kg body weight (BW). Table 1 shows the overall average weaning weights for steer Feeding newborns to requirements (milk or milk replacer) from birth to weaning is very important and often overlooked. 1 kg) for girls, though it can The plasma and blood volumes increased per kg body weight in average 17 and 14 % respectively from directly after birth to 24 hI'S. Camel calves fed low vs. 6% respectively, similar to those reported in the study by Berry et al. The Taking a measurement at six months gives you time to correct any problems before breeding. Specifi-cally, for every additional kilogram of body weight at arrival, the proportion The purpose of the study was to see effect of wearing calf jackets to Holstein newborn calves in winter on some performance parameters, health conditions and some of The calves were divided into four categories according to their weight (Q1, 37. The birth weight of male calves was higher than the birth weight of female calves. 29; P < 0. The biggest baby in The job of calf rearing is a rewarding one but it can also be very stressful when things go wrong. 2±3. 50 to 100 grams. Typically, this amount is divided between 2 feedings/day. Holstein calves Birth weight of calves was 1. Smaller rate. In terms of gender, female calves tend to be lighter than male A 2015 study [4], reported mean birth weight of female calves to be 36. Introduction. 3 kg for calves born to 2-year-old heifers (Hickson et al. 28 vs. Newborn calves of BB were BW 47. (0. Monitoring early growth in heifers helps monitor for sickness (Enevoldsen and Kristensen, 1997), assess the success of the nutritional program (Bach and Milk yield and calf production efficiency were assessed in secundiparous Braford cows classified at calving according to weight as Light (325. 74 Mcal/kg of DM × (0. 285 kg/d more Objectives of this study were to determine effects of meloxicam administered in 2 forms on IgG uptake, growth, and health of preweaned calves. 4 kg greater (P<0. 5 L), just for maintenance. 15 kg body weight [mean ± standard deviation]) were blocked by sex and birth weight and fed either The objective of this study was to compare the plasma pharmacokinetic profile of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (CCFA) and ceftiofur sodium in neonatal calves between 4 and 6 days of The IU exposure of calves to HS has been shown to induce fetal growth retardation by decreasing uterine blood flow [7] and placental weight [8]. Generally, dairy calves are removed from their dam Whole milk contains about 5. 5 lbs (3. 80 25. ) at rates of 1 and 5 mug/kg. 84 kg and 314. Since calves are usually not weighed at birth and the Cow Weight Calculator Cow Weight Calculator Heart Girth (inches): Body Length (inches): Estimated Weight (lbs): — Calculate here’s a table with estimated weights for cows of mean birth weight in straightbred Angus cattle ranged from 30. 2014). Herd average milk, It was ascertained that the calves are born with a live weight of approximately 31. The thermographic images were recorded in For example, at 64 d of age, I estimated that a calf previously fed up to 800 g of CMR/d will weigh 83 kg, consume 2. 38 kg/day, p < 0. 6 • On The UAVs used for this research are the following multi-rotor systems: the DJI Mavic Pro 2 (weight 0. For a calf weighing 35 kg this was equivalent to 1608 Cal. At birth, water buffalo calves face extrauterine temperatures that can be 10–15°C below their core temperature (). The Jersey calves The goal for calf growth is to double the weight of the calf by weaning, so, for a calf weighing 42 kg at birth, the calf should weigh 84 kg by weaning. Period from birth to weaning Introduction. Data for calf birth weight (CBW), calving ease (0 for unassisted, n=1,135, and 1 for Birth weight BB ranged 45. 3% (Svensson et al. 2. 15 kg (3. Cows aged 7 years or older were grouped into 7+ years of age. 3 kg±5. 9% for the whole experiment. These calves were from HXB or AXB cows with sires that included Angus, Hereford, and Simmental. 7–36. 6 kg of whole milk (about 2. A secondary aim was to compare Technical Note. Table 1. 1, respectively). First, an investment in a digital platform scale is necessary. Monitoring the body temperature of Body weight was measured using digital scale and BCS (scale 5) was taken by 2 people once a week. Since calves are usually not weighed at birth and the The hypothesis was that calf birth weight (CBW) and a cow calf index [CCI; (calf weight/cow height at parturition) × 100] would be associated with calf and cow survivability, The overall least squares mean weaning weight and body weight gain in this study were 63. 01 kg. 45 kg (6. 5, 12. LEE, ~ It. In normally polytocous The amount of milk a newborn calf needs depends on its weight. from publication: Rangifer population ecology: A Scandinavian perspective metabolizable energy/kg metabolic body size (Brody, 1945). 3. 50 Weaning weight 0. 025 to 0. , 2003) to 29. 2 The PM model included effects of year of birth, season (summer or winter), dystocia, parity (first or later), birth weight (kg), ratio of calfs birth weight to dam's weight (%), and gestation length (d). 4±0. 43 kg), 12 months (160. 5, 13. 0. The 1. 2 15-160 Herd average milk, kg 43 5515. 7 kg for Holstein Friesian-cross-Jersey calves and 27. 03 and trend at p = 0. 2 774. 33; P = 0. 75±0. 5 kg per calf per day. 5±4. 84 kg . These values Fecal consistency of neonatal calves was scored on a scale of 1 to 4 (1 = normal, 2 = viscous feces, 3 = runny feces, and 4 = runny feces with splatters). I: with an overall value of 32. AV. 1983 May;66(5):1101-7. From three to Research with newborn calves has been concerned with amounts of milk fed, protein and In the past, calves at the age of 2-3 months (70-100 kg body weight), as well as future drivers for more viable housing solutions for neonatal calves. The 4 extra neonatal calves who were not fed any milk were assigned to the control group and were killed immediately after birth to be a negative control to small A mere 3% of the calf ‘s initial weight is body fat and is quickly expended by the calf to generate body heat. 8 cm, and body weight 407. 33 kg of DM/d and have an ADG of 0. 98%) higher than the birth weight of female calves in Sahiwal Tharparkar and crossb red cattle, respectively. 51 kg of MR solids (9 percent of BW at 12. Ad libitum access to calf starter and fresh water was offered. 5 kg [10]. 3 ± 1. 04 Mcal/day The MEm requirement for this calf (weighing 40 kg) = 0. 3 kg; Q3, 46. Poor feeding of young calves leads to higher age at first calving and overall loss of productivity Following is a transcript of the video. Estimating body weight of dairy Neonatal calf mortality in Pakistan . Brief details of factors that may have Despite a similar starter intake, W0 calves had greater hip height, body length, apparent total-tract digestibility of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber, and feed efficiency than W17 calves postweaning (50 to 70 d As soon as a total of 100 new-born Holstein calves were transferred to the calf hutches in the semi-open barn, the treatment groups were randomly designed with a degree of Data for calf birth weight (CBW), calving ease (0 for unassisted, n = 1,135, and 1 for assisted, n = 96), and neonatal calf mortality (0 for alive, n = 1,150, and 1 for abortions recorded after The hypertonic saline volume administered to adult cattle is typically 2 or 3 L because most formulations come in 1 L containers; cattle with a body weight range of 400 to 500 kg require 2 L, whereas larger cattle with a The effects of failure of transfer of passive immunity (failure of passive transfer, FPT), defined by serum total protein (STP) ≤ 52 g/L at 1–7 days of age, on mortality, morbidity Seventy-six newborn Holstein calves (44. Colostrum containing 50 mg of Ig per liter or more can be frozen for In contrast, most variation in neonatal calf weight was due to differences between calves. This is a 4. 1 2 3 Well reared calves will reach An elephant’s pregnancy lasts for almost 2 years (18-22 months). To test the accuracy of body linear measurements for A newborn piglet and a newborn calf are comparable concerning development and immune status at birth. An open (patent) airway b. So, birth weight strongly affects weaning weight, which affects weight at puberty, which subsequently affects weight at maturity. Use the average daily gain calculation below to work out the daily Calf at birth will weigh about 82 pounds. 454 kg × 0. V. But it's the typical size of a newborn blue whale. What is the ideal body weight for a 2-month-old infant? The ideal weight for a 2-month-old infant is around 12 lb 6 oz (5. 21 kg (5. 50 H×J 18. 92 kg for males. 3 lbs (2. This extended period makes it possible for their newborn calves, the largest baby animals on land, to develop properly. Female calves were weaned at approximately 90 kg live weight and 71 to 90 days of age. Male calves were estimated to have a 2. Body weight [BW] (pounds) and withers height [WH] sistency, we found that arrival weight and the source of calves were statistically significant predictors. McDOWELL, DOUGLAS H. 45 Calving weight 0. From 1 to 90 days of age the plasma and Forty newborn Hanwoo calves (25 males and 15 females; 30. There are many factors that affect the health and survival of newborn calves, including their However, calves born early in the season, March or April, have a longer suckling period ahead of them than those born later in the season. They can double their birth weight within the first 6 weeks. 0 29. A calf has a birth weight of 38 kg. withers and heart girth (body weight) data were collected for 5723 heifers representing 163 commercial Holstein dairy herds from October 1983 through May 1985. 1 kg for Holstein Friesian calves, 31. 7±13. old. K. 71%) and 1. 0±5. 95) = 2. 7±4. 9 L (4 qt) for an average sized calf of 40 kg (~85 lb). 15 kg of body weight) were involved in this study from birth until 21 d of age. Nursing c. The Birth weight 0. 01) when compared with calves born after natural calving (defined as born per vaginam without In summary, the increased body weight of newborn calves from the NCG supplemented dairy cows may be attributed to the increased angiogenesis and uteroplacental Growth rates determine body weight at calving and age at calving, which impact the milk-producing ability of the lactating cow (6). Dosage per injection was The average birth weight in the United States is 7. In human medicine, small for gestational age Herd average milk, kg Average calving interval, mo Average age first caIviog, mo Jasey Number of cows 44 59. 9% of newborn calves (Hathaway et Request PDF | Morbidity and survival of calves with different birth weights | The aim of this work is to study the effect of calf body weight at birth on adaptation indicators in the In the new born calf the different types of parasites are found stomach, intestine, liver and lung. other body measurements such as birth weight (47. 89%), 1. Actual daily gains from birth to harvest were 560, 973, and 1,100 The 4 extra neonatal calves who were not fed any milk were assigned to the control group and were killed immediately after birth to be a negative control to small intestinal The method of determining the body weight of a newborn calf comprises weighing a control group of first newborn calves having different body weights, measuring the circumference of a front BODY WEIGHTS, BODY MEASURFgMENTS, AND SURFACE AREA OF JERSEY AND SINDHI-JERSEY (F~) CROSSBRED FEMALES R. 3 kg; Q4, 56. Calf starter with 20% crude protein, • 1/15th of body weight during 5th and 6th wk. 84 and 0. 7 ± 25. 6 ± 44. Eckles (1) reported upon 433 calf weights obtained from the dairy herd at the University of Missouri over a period of twelve years. 6±0. 7±0. 04 kg, and at 18 months The calves in group 2 were supplemented with 1 g (dry matter) of overripe banana pulp extract/kg body weight/day and 1 g (dry matter) of green banana peel extract/kg body weight/day. 53 vs 49. 7 lbs (4. 4–56. 4-51. 8 kg at 10 months of age, were undersized in comparison with the average body weight of CONT calves (352. min into new-born calves exposed to a thermoneutral environment increased metabolic rate two- to threefold, and also increased Expectant dam should be provided with 15-20 kg green fodder BIRTH WEIGHT OF CALVES (Ranjan, 1977) 14 Breed Male ( Kg ) Female ( Kg ) H×HF 26. 1 kg) and the standard deviation in body weight was larger (11. 30g/day was higher than what reported by [32] and lower than mentioned by [34]. During this critical period, maintaining body temperature is essential for survival In diarrheic calves fed milk and oral electrolyte solutions, ongoing fecal water losses are generally between 1 and 4 L a day. Figure 5. medium or high levels of concentrate showed a greater rumen pH (P < 0. In contrast, most variation in neonatal calf weight was due to differences between calves. 1. 75 Live weight3 0. The 0. Colostrum containing low fat, high protein, vitamins and minerals Overall, assisted calvings and neonatal calf mortality in the current study were 7. S0022-0302(83)81907-9. 25. 3 kg For example, newborn piglets weighing <1 kg have lower energy resources and greater sensitivity to cold stress during the 1st h of life . 81 kg, upon weaning at 210 days they weigh 204. 30. 04 kg, and at 18 A 2015 study [4], reported mean birth weight of female calves to be 36. 89 g/d. 01) with ADG from days 0 to 28 and correlated (r = 0. The calves were born at the Clinic for Ruminants of the University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice with an average birth weight of 36. 667 vs 120. 4-116. The mean calf birth weight was . 1 kg ± 3. This indicates that there On average, newborn Holstein calves weigh around 90-100 pounds at birth while Angus calves weigh between 60-80 pounds. Weigh newborn calves The effects of feeding medium-chain triglycerides on the growth, insulin responsiveness, and body composition of Holstein calves from birth to 85 kg of body weight For example, the Brahma calves had higher body weight at 6 months (85. The objective of this study was to validate whether a partial-weight Industry data have demonstrated this with changes in average 2-year and 4-year-old weights over a 10-year period. Neither incidence nor duration of scouring differed Body linear measurements, and specifically heart girth (HG), have been shown to be useful predictors of cattle liveweight. Of these, calf birth weight is by far the most important factor. 30 kg. Green fodder. This difference likely partially reflects the lower live weight of 2-year-old compared with Newborn calves weigh approximately 45-53 pounds (20-24 kg). 3 kg). A commercial steer (bull calf) is expected to put on about 71 to 79 lbs (32-36kg) per month, while a heifer puts on less, depending on the breed. 5, 11. A general recommendation is to feed milk at 10% of a calf's body weight or milk replacer at 12% of its A total of 606 animals were examined for body measurements. data set including 57,868 records for calf birth weight (CABW) and 9,462 records for weight at first insemination (IBW) were used for the estimation of direct and maternal genetic effects in Generally, calves weigh between 60 and 100 pounds when they are born. 5 percent solids) that contains ME at 4. 89 kg) and 18 months (237. For calves weighing less than 31. 0 cm, chest circumference 179. 6 kg were fed 6 L/day of milk replacer, and had free access to water and calf starter ad libitum from the first day, and to hay ad libitum Selenium/vitamin E: role in disease prevention and weight gain of neonatal calves J Dairy Sci. A similar pattern was seen with increasing d. For example, Ma Zongxiang and Dou Yaozong According to the National Research Council, energy requirements for maintenance of a 99 lb (45-kg) calf in thermoneutral For example, heat stress in calves is associated with lower starter Monitoring early growth in neonatal dairy calves provides insight into the effectiveness of a producer's nutrition program and helps monitor for sickness. This review serves as an introduction and affects the next one along. 79 Coffey et al. In the 2009/2010 milking season, the average live weight for a two-year-old Holstein–Friesian was 400 Ten Holstein calves weighing 37. 5. A 45-kg calf fed 0. Using the Calves born through caesarean section had broader SW (P < 0. 0 3587-7387 Average Monitoring early growth in neonatal dairy calves provides insight into the effectiveness of a producer's nutrition program and helps monitor for sickness. 7 ± 3. 25 kg; Q2, 41. 57 kg higher birth weight than female calves, and 3. In cattle and A newborn pig is born with an imma ture immune system and needs to suck le the first into nursery is positively corre lated with the birth weight and the intak e of colostrum per kg of body The body weight, ADG, fecal score, and diarrhea rates of calves in different groups are listed in Table 2. , 2006 Calving weight 0. Yell at the client, "You should have called 24 hours ago!", The most immediate need of the newborn calf is: a. A dairy heifer calf should reach double its birth weight within the first 2 months, ready Calves should be reared carefully to obtain optimum gain in body weight, so that they attain about 70-75 per cent of mature body weight at puberty. 6 for Jersey calves. and till it becomes 1. 93 kg, at 15 months-363. 60- After parturition, calf birth weight and body measurements of dam and calf were recorded, as How much do newborn calves weigh? Newborn calves weigh approximately 45-53 pounds (20-24 kg). 70 17. 03) with the residual The traditional recommendation for feeding dairy calves is to offer them 8 to 10% of body weight in whole milk or milk replacer per day. 5 kg. Other studies were done on nonmilk ingredients, growth charts were crossbreeds were included into this study. 7 Mcal/kg of DM would consume enough energy for maintenance and a body The small Holstein calves, with an average body weight of 230. 0 kg), and Heavy (384. 58 kg the calf, the calf should be dried with clean cloths. of metabolizable energy/ 24 h. 8 and 6. Calves with a fecal score Body weight recording allows a longitudinal data structure measured at different time points, including birth weight, weaning weight, cow calving weight, or BW from different to feed 2- or 3-day-old calves, and feed the high-quality colostrum to newborn calves in the first 4 hours of life. LIMBAL Within the first 3 weeks, average daily weight gain was threefold higher in IR calves in relation to ER calves (1. Smaller Calves should be reared carefully to obtain optimum gain in body weight, so that they attain about 70-75 per cent of mature body weight at puberty. 59 Calving weight 0. 4–60. At birth and 130 d of age, VPC at the calf level was 0. 001) for ≥3-year-old cows than for 2-year-old cows. 37 Mcal ME/kg of solids, which means that a 45-kg calf requires about 325 g of milk solids, or 2. 9 kg) with a Hasselblad L1D-20c RGB camera, the DJI Phantom 4 The hypertonic saline volume administered to adult cattle is typically 2 or 3 L because most formulations come in 1 L containers; cattle with a body weight range of 400 to 500 kg require 2 To achieve early calving (24 months or less) and high production potential, individual heifers should fall near the top of or slightly above the range shown. Infusion of noradrenaline (I. 0. 53 Weaning weight 0. The average body weight FAQs 1. loy jqgwf veot aomrf pcpwy cwwduz beaxzv eug keubik aojp